Namaste! I am in India on a Fulbright scholarship with my son, Oliver, who was six months old as of September when this blog was started. My research is about the connections between food security and gender, women's status and agricultural modernization.

Tuesday, February 1, 2011

Photos from Gurgaon

The guest house in Gurgaon where we lived

The view from the front door-the dwellings of construction workers amid plenty

Street view

The Hindu altar where one of the girls prayed, sang and rang bells every morning.  The others joked that she was asking for a good husband.

The bhayas: Tirupati and Pintu

Oliver on the big deck between our room and the kitchen

The local market

Friendly neighborhood cattle

The courtyard of IRRAD's beautiful, Plantinum-rated green building

The goodbye party for Ranjana and me at IRRAD, complete with chocolate cake...how did they know??  My supervisor, Pradeep, is on the right

Research

I finished my research at IRRAD, and while I’m still working with my supervisor there on finalizing my paper (there will be one version on which he is the coauthor for in-house publication, and one version that’s entirely my own for my purposes), these are my conclusions:

The regional level investigation of food security found that on the whole, the commercial region (Agon and Rangala Rajpur) can be said to be more food secure than the subsistence region (Kotla and Uletha).  Farming households located in the commercial region have higher incomes (both from agriculture and non-farm employment), higher yields and total production, less yield variability, have more diversified cropping patterns and are able to spend more on food consumption.  Still, the volume of food available to households is approximately the same in both regions, and the average diet is heavily dependent on staple foods.  Therefore, it cannot be said that either region is food secure, since widespread micronutrient deficiencies are suspected based on reported food intake.
Size of landholding was found to be the most important determinant of household level food security.  Households with a larger plot of land at their disposal are able to provide for their own subsistence crop needs as well as diversify into growing other crops, including the ability to allocate a larger portion of land to cash crop production.  Thus, having a larger landholding allows farmers to be responsive to market signals while remaining relatively insulated to crop failures and market instability compared to farmers with less land.  These households are able to purchase more food from the market, consume more food overall, yet they spend a smaller percentage of their income on food.
                Women in this region were found to have much lower literacy rates than men.  The number of women who had gone to school was four times less than the number of men who had been to school, but educated women had attained levels of education comparable and even higher than that of men in the commercial region.  Very few women work outside of their household’s domain, they are generally responsible for livestock rearing and food preparation, they work approximately the same number of hours in the field as men, and no women owned land.  It was found that gender relations are generally more equitable in the subsistence region than in the commercial region, as women there have more power in production decisions and households generally eat together, versus having women eat last.  This study found little support for existing gender theory as it relates to food security; households in which men had more power in production decisions and worked more in the fields were more food secure.  Regarding the individual food security of women, male education is correlated with women eating more compared to their husbands, and the presence of an income-earning woman is more common in households where women consume relatively more.  Most importantly, this study found that women’s status or women’s food security does not improve as household income or household level food security improves.

The study that I did at IRRAD was based on a survey of the head of household and his wife in 120 households across four villages.  Needless to say, this was a wonderful experience, and I wouldn’t have been able to do it without enormous support staff and resources provided free of charge by IRRAD.  I will post the final paper when it is ready.

Here at ICRISAT, my research is based on a world-famous database, containing information from surveys with the same 40 households in six villages between the years 1975-1984 and from 2001-onward.  It is focused on evaluating the socioeconomic status of women in those villages and what impact agricultural modernization has had specifically on women.  My supervisor here said that it is a priority project, since little gender analysis has been done with this data.  It’s a huge amount of information, so I’ve been mining through it with Excel.  Soon I’ll start planning for focus group discussions in the villages.  The closest two villages are about 70 kilometers away and the farthest are 300 kilometers from ICRISAT, so my research here will involve some travel.

Tuesday, January 11, 2011

Fresh Milk?

Processed milk in India is, well, very processed and contains an array of lovely chemicals.  It’s sold unrefrigerated in boxes or in little plastic bags, and needless to say, it tastes funny.  I don’t like it, so I haven’t been drinking much milk and I’m sure that I haven’t been getting enough calcium either.

I decided to do my best to get fresh milk, which is delivered in tins by men on motorcycles.  I see them everywhere on the roads, so I know that fresh milk exists.  I called the housing office to see if they could help me arrange delivery of fresh milk a couple times a week.  This is an abridged version of our conversation:

“Uh, yes, I’m wondering if you could help me get fresh milk delivered?”
Fresh milk, madam?
“Yes, sir, fresh milk.”
Yes, madam.  There is a boy who delivers packaged milk every morning.  How much should he bring to you?
“No, no.  I mean fresh milk, not packaged.”
Yes, madam.  Then you can get fresh milk at the canteen.  They serve it hot.
“No, I’m pretty sure that is not fresh milk.  It tastes like packaged milk.  I don’t want packaged milk.”
No, madam.  That is fresh milk…
“No, it is packaged milk.”
Yes, madam.  Fresh packaged milk.

Ok, so I’m clearly using the wrong vocabulary.

“I’d like unprocessed milk, sir, directly from the cow.”
Oh!  You want cow’s milk?
“Uh, yes, cow’s milk.  Fresh, right from the cow.  Unprocessed.”

Now we’re getting somewhere.

Ok, madam.  No problem.  I’ll call the boy who comes from the village everyday and see if he can bring cow’s milk.  How much do you want?
“Great.  I’ll take two liters.”

So I think the problem is solved, and I’ll be getting fresh milk; I just have to call a day before I want it.  Then, the phone rings.

Two liters is a problem madam.  It is not easy to bring two liters.
“Ok, so is it easier to bring less or more?”
No, no madam.  Two liters is a problem.  Very hard to bring two liters.
“Ok, but how much can I have?  Is one liter easier or is five liters easier?”
Madam, two liters is not possible.  How much would you like?
“I’ll take one liter.”
Ok, one liter.  It is better. Uh, madam, it is okay if it is buffalo milk?
“Sure.”  (“Buffalo” here are what I think are water buffalo, not bison.)

Later that night, someone knocks at my door and hands me two liters of fresh milk.  By fresh I mean unpackaged, unprocessed, unchemicalized, and straight from the cow.  Er, buffalo.

Oliver's Playdate at Hauz Khas

Hauz Khas means “royal water tank” and seems to be an overlooked historical site in Delhi.  It is located in a neighborhood called Hauz Khas Village, near the Hauz Khas metro stop of all places.  Hauz Khas Village is a string of upscale but interesting shops and winding offshoots, and includes Kunzum, a traveler’s café that serves excellent coffee (yes, real drip coffee of the best sort, not Nescafe) and tea as well as delicious dipping biscuits and is a pay-as-you-like setup.  It’s also a photo gallery and is full of great travel books and of course, interesting people.  Wonderful find by Sarah.

Oliver at Kunzum Cafe
Anyway, Hauz Khas.  Parts of it are 800 years old!  Entrance to the ruins is free, you can climb all over the place, the signage is informative, and it is better upkept than many other tourist sites in Delhi.  I’m thinking especially of the Red Fort, supposedly the icon of icons, that is expensive to get in, lacks signs with historical information (or any information, for that matter) and is rundown and seeping with herds of leering creepsters.  Beyond the ruins, Hauz Khas is a legitimately nice park to have a picnic and just pass the day basking in the sun.  We found a nice place and plopped down to play with Oliver and relax.



Near us was a group of laboring women who were taking their lunch break with their very young children.  I had noticed them as we sat down and was, in all honesty, hoping to avoid interaction because they were dirty and the kids all had runny noses and who knows what else.  I soon realized that I would have to get over my apprehensions, open up, and relax as the kids, being curious, approached us.  At first they just sat next to Oliver, looking at him, looking at his toys, then started gently touching him and smiling.  Oliver, being the little flirt he is, was smiling at them as well.  Children are so innocent; they are completely blind to boundaries to which the most educated of adults hold themselves.



Little by little, we started playing more and more with the kids, talking as much as we could with their mothers, and wondering what the other families around us (fairer skinned and upper class) thought of our interaction with these “street people.”  We had such a great time watching the kids play with Oliver’s rattle ball that we made sure that the mothers understood that they could keep it and that they hadn’t taken it from us.  One of the kids squeezed himself into Oliver’s sweatshirt, so I counted that as gone as well; it’s not like it would break me to buy him another one, but these kids probably froze outside every night.  Their mothers went back to work nearby, leaving a very small baby in the care of a child that surely wasn’t even two years old.  Heartbreaking—imagine having to leave a defenseless baby with his siblings who are themselves so young that they could easily smother him or otherwise hurt him without realizing it.  Witnessing things like this while surrounded by plenty, as a Mercedes drives by, for example, make me feel so small here.  I can watch this baby for a few hours, but what will happen tomorrow?

I must say that inequality in India is sickening.  I am not saying this from a perspective that blindly and “patriotically” sees the US as perfect or even the best.  I can say that being in India has made me realize that for all our imperfections and shortfalls as Americans, the idea of justice and equality really is hammered into our psyche, and for the most part, we live it out.  It bothers me, and I think I can safely say that it would bother any random American, that servants of the upper class sleep in shacks without proper beds (euphemism: servants’ quarters) either outside or in a separate part of the mansion even though there are extra bedrooms inside.  It bothers me that servants are invariably darker than their employers.  It bothers me to go to a fancy luncheon, where everybody is eating and drinking from plentiful tables, everybody except the dark-skinned maid taking care of some rich woman’s children.  It bothers me to see servants belittled instead of given thanks, especially when people are so incredibly dependent on their servants for basic, basic things...I swear that if somehow every servant went on strike, the entire country would screech to a halt.  It bothers me that my favorite bar of chocolate costs a little under $2, which is approximately equal to the official minimum daily wage.

Why?  Why is it like this?  Is it the “democracy” that is only a façade, and a crumbling one at that?  Is it the rush to emulate the US at its worst, to consume material goods like there’s no tomorrow?  To pursue “development” at all costs?  Too often, it seems to be no more than a dog-eat-dog whirl in which no one cares or pays attention to the “collateral damage,” to use a phrase from Arundhati Roy.  In her book Listening to Grasshoppers: Field Notes on Democracy, she tells the untold stories about the elephants in the room: politicians who overtly call for the extermination of Muslims and the lowest rungs of society, who publicly boast of the number they have killed, how truly democratic movements for freedom from military occupation in Kashmir and from corporate mining interests in central India are strategically labeled as “extremist,” “Maoist,” “Naxalist,” to make way for their demise.

We played with some kids at Hauz Khas; I felt ashamed that I had intended to ignore them.

Friday, January 7, 2011

Amritsar

Amritsar is located in northern India and is home to the Golden Temple, the most holy site of the Sikh religion.  We traveled by train with our friend, Devika, on a quick and relatively unplanned weekend trip.  After finding cheap accommodation near the Golden Temple, we headed off to the Wagah Border Ceremony.  Wagah is a border crossing near Pakistan approximately 30 kilometers from Amritsar, where an unexpected tradition has latched on.  Unexpected especially considering tense relations between the two countries and the mass of serious military deployments on both sides of the border.  Every evening before sunset, soldiers from the two countries march toward each other, kicking their legs high in the air in order to show bottom of their feet, a sign of disrespect.  Masses of Indian nationals (and occasional foreigners) gather to watch.  A lesser crowd shows up on the Pakistani side.  I’ve never been in such a huge, densely packed crowd, and I found the level of nationalistic fervor a bit unnerving.  Security was present to get near the border, but there was such a sea of people that they just poured across the barriers.  See this link (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeSX6AZ5xEI) which was taped from the Pakistani side.  It was much more crowded when we were there.  We were actually sitting on the road where they march with hundreds of other people.  Sardines.  Exteme breastfeeding, anyone?

We ate some delicious food while in Amritsar, which is also known for being a spice processing hub.  I think our favorite was sarson ka saag, cooked mustard greens.  Delicious.  Devika explained the Hindi--sarso is mustard, and ka saag refers to the way it is cooked.  I said in a very Minnesotan way, "So, you could say palak (spinach) ka saag too?"  My cinematic mind instantly created a scene in which two foot armies are charging toward each other, Braveheart-style, one yelling "SARSON KA SAAG!" and the other screaming "PALAK KA SAAG!" just as passionately.  It was the joke for the rest of our time in Gurgaon; it stuck that well.

We headed to the Golden Temple early in the morning.  Stunning.  It was built in the early 1500s, and really is covered with pure gold.  It was torture for the feet since we had to remove our shoes to enter the premises, which is entirely covered by freezing cold marble.  Already at 7:00 in the morning, the line to enter the temple was massive and as densely packed as Wagah, so I opted out knowing that Oliver would need to be fed and changed in the hours that I would have been standing in line.  On my way out though, I realized that I had left the ticket for retrieving my shoes with Sarah and Devika.  The compassionate shoe room men let me in and I searched for nearly a half hour before realizing that I could call Devika and ask what my tag number was.  The problem was that the local language is Punjabi, which uses different numerals, so Devika had to try to describe what the numbers looked like before asking someone standing nearby what the numbers were and then talking on the phone to one of the shoe room men.  After a 45-minute ordeal, I recovered my beloved $2.50 sandals.



While waiting in line, Sarah and Devika were approached by two village girls who were very eager to meet a foreigner (Sarah), who they said looked like Cinderella.  We later joked if they meant before or after the fairy godmother, since Sarah isn't exactly known for being a hygiene queen.  Devika acted as the interpreter as they asked question after question, and Sarah wanted to make the point that she works on the land too (she’s pretty much self-sufficient in food at home in SD, only buys flour to make bread and I think butter, milks her goats and makes cheese).  Since the crowd was so dense, everybody was keenly listening to their conversation, and when Devika said in Hindi that Sarah had goats, too, bewildered whispers of “goats goats goats goats goats goats” reverberated through the crowd.

Meanwhile Oliver was busy making friends with turbaned locals.  I found the men in Amritsar to be far less creepy than in Gurgaon and Delhi; I would even say that they weren’t creepy but genuinely friendly (except young men, of course, who seem to be creepy everywhere in India).  According to me, Sikhs seem to have a reputation for being trustworthy, honorable, fierce in battle but with a soft side.  I definitely found this to be the case (the soft side part, I didn’t get into any fights!) as people admired Oliver and passed him around.



OLIVER GOT HIS FIRST TOOTH on the way to Amritsar!  We knew they were slowly coming in and Devika was the first to spot it.  Exciting, but as the second one (he now has the bottom two) came in he cried inconsolably for three hours on the train ride back.

Devika with Oliver, pre-3 hour crying spree



Wednesday, November 24, 2010

Vacation! Dehradun, Rishikesh and Mussoorie

We just got back from our one-week vacation, which was my first fly-by-the-seat-of-your-pants, one-backpack-allowed travel experience.  We left early on Saturday morning without any travel arrangements other than where we would be staying for the first two nights.  Transportation went astonishingly smoothly: we took the metro to the bus station in Old Delhi, and a bus to Dehradun happened to be leaving in a half hour.  We arrived in Dehradun and the bus that we needed to take to get to our destination was just about to leave.  Perfect.  We stayed at an organic farm called Navdanya, run by environmental activist Vandana Shiva.  Sinclair had volunteered there for three weeks while my mom was here, and also met her boyfriend so it was a logical starting point for our vacation.  While the politics of the farm aren’t so sound (suffice it to say that it’s more a show for international acclaim among activist groups than a viable model for local development…I’ll write more on this later if there’s demand), it was very relaxing to be out of the city.



A local woman invited us (mostly Oliver) to come to her house one afternoon.  We said that we would, but I think she was surprised when we actually did.  We were served deliciously warm, fresh milk while we quickly became a village-wide attraction.  Other children played with him rougher than what he's used to but he took it well.  Another woman wanted us to come to her house too, so we did.





From there we moved on to Rishikesh, which is a major hippie pilgrimage and claims to be the world capital of yoga.  It was made famous in the 1960s when the Beatles played and stayed at Maharishi’s ashram.  The four of us (me, Oliver, Sinclair and her boyfriend, Abhyudai) arrived without a place to stay, but found a decent place off of the main road, up a steep alleyway and 53 very steep stairs, for just 200 rupees ($4.50) per night.  I was so excited to see jars of cookies on bakery counters everywhere (munchies for those who indulge in the cheap weedJ), and I just had to have one!  I got 10 rupees out of my pocket, asked for a peanut cookie, put the money on the counter, and the next thing I knew, I was walking away, trying to bite into this cookie that turned out to be more like a thick slab of peanut brittle (my disappointment brought me down out of the clouds) and realizing that I still had 10 rupees in my hand.  I guess I got so excited about the possibility of a peanut butter cookie that I forgot to pay. 

We spent an amazing day in Rishikesh hiking back to Maharishi’s ashram, which is now abandoned.  We weren’t able to go in, but we went swimming in the Ganges River, which is considered holy and people swim in it for religious, spiritual and healing purposes.  It was freezing cold and the sun was hot, so Oliver and I didn’t spend much time by the riverside.  I decided to go sit under this huge banyan tree with him while the others enjoyed the water (we had met up with two of Sinclair and Abhyudai’s friends from the farm, Guio from Spain and Nanu from Portugal).  Another group of about 6 foreigners happened along, including two Spanish guitarists.  Perfect.  We spent hours under that tree listening to amazing music and talking.  One of the guitarists was traveling with his wife and their dog, and his wife had just found out that she was pregnant so we talked a lot about traveling with a baby.  While we were eating supper later that night, the same musicians came and played at the restaurant.  I didn’t realize that they made their living off of music while traveling, so I was more than happy to buy a cd.  Such great memories.



That night, Oliver was so fussy and tired but refused to fall asleep.  After fussing and crying and almost falling asleep for nearly three hours, he suddenly turned into a sweetie pie again and Sinclair and Abhyudai took him so that I could go and get a much-needed massage.  There are massage places all over Rishikesh, so I just went into the first one I found.  It was a very strange experience…there was only one man in this store, and the massage table was just a mattress on the floor in back.  I asked if they had a woman there to do massages, and he assured me that one would be there in ten minutes.  The time passed and passed, and I asked how long it would be again and he reassured me that she was on her way, but that he could do it if I wanted it right then.  I insisted on the woman, and I’m glad I did—nearly every part of your body gets massaged, which I guess is fairly common outside the US but an experience I hadn’t had before.  It took all I had to not start giggling when she abruptly pulled down my underwear and started rubbing my butt.



The next morning, we met up with two more friends from the farm, Julia and Hannah from Canada.  They took us to this little restaurant (there were six seats and seven of us) and I had the best pancakes ever, no offense to my mom or Juan!  Three banana pancakes, two with ginger preserve on top and one with cocoa powder and chocolate syrup.  I can’t express how good they were.  Flying Tiger Café—if you’re in Rishikesh you must go.  It’s hard to find, a long, steep walk up from the Ganges on the side opposite Laxman Jhula, most locals will have no idea what you’re talking about when you ask for directions, but it’ll be so worth it.

From there we took a cab up to Mussoorie, from where snow-capped Himalayas can be seen.  Sinclair, Abhyudai and I took a cab there…I swear that the switchbacks up the mountains are much narrower and sharper than they are in the US.  We arrived near dusk and I was surprised how cold it was; it must have been around 35-40, so I bundled Oliver up in a hat, knitted socks that go up to his knees, his polar fleece jacket, and stuffed him inside the wrap to keep him toasty.  We didn’t have a place to stay there either, so we just started walking along the main road.  We came across this abandoned-looking, old theatre and ballroom that had a sign saying it was a hotel, and it turned out to be a really cool, sort of eerie place for $8 per night, plus $2.50 more for a space heater…most places don’t have central heat.  I’m actually glad that we didn’t plan this out and that we were without a Lonely Planet guide because we would have never found that place if we had followed recommendations in a guide. 


The best parts of Mussoorie were definitely the views and the fresh, crisp mountain air.  It felt so good in the sun, like a sunny day in late October in Minnesota.  There were even some leaves on the ground that we crunched through.  The second day we were there, we decided to just take an all day hike without much of a destination in mind other than up.  We got off the beaten track that tourists generally stick to and found neat little antique shops filled with leftovers from the days of British rule, a place selling hand-painted, Kashmiri handicrafts, and jars of fresh, natural peanut butter (we bought two).  We continued up the steep, winding roads past dilapidating wooden buildings and sat on a bench in the sun and ate apple slices dipped in our prized peanut butter.  We were just continuing up the road when we ran into Peter, another Fulbrighter, and his wife, Lilly.  They and some others were staying in Mussoorie for a few months while studying Hindi.  They lead us to a great bakery nearby where I had my fill of chocolate chip cookies, fresh out of the oven.  It was Peter’s birthday, so we went to the party and bonfire they had at the house where they’re staying, which is near the top of the highest peak in Mussoorie.  It was so much fun to see a few of the other Fulbrighters again.


Oliver with a cookie-baker:)

Diwali

Diwali is the biggest Indian holiday and it’s a lot like Christmas in the US.  People put lights on their homes, give gifts, and hold a special prayer service the night of Diwali, which ends with lighting little clay lanterns around the house.  The traditional purpose is to attract Laxshmi, the goddess of wealth, to your home.   Fireworks are a huge part of the event as well; there don’t seem to be any laws regulative fireworks, or if there are, they’re not followed.  For about a week beforehand, people were lighting off fireworks and insanely loud firecrackers in the streets.  The night of Diwali, it was like a war zone with explosions going off everywhere on the ground and in the sky, and the air was heavy with smoke.

Our friend Devika invited us to her family’s home for Diwali, and to her friends’ place for a card party the night before.  We found out that “coming over for dinner” is different here…whereas in the US eating is one of the first things you do if you have a party that includes dinner, here it is generally the last thing on the agenda.  The night of the card party, we arrived around 9:00 but food was ordered around 10 and didn’t arrive until about an hour later, and even then most people didn’t help themselves to food until 2 am (I had gone to sleep with Oliver by that time and we didn’t come home until 4!).  The night of Diwali (Nov. 5), dinner wasn’t served until nearly 11pm and only then because we mentioned that it was late and that we needed to leave early the next morning to catch a bus. 

Other than the hunger, Diwali was a very neat experience.  Each family blesses their home with a prayer and offering.  We took our turn pouring puffed rice and sugar wafers into a bowl on the family’s altar.  Devika’s dad smeared saffron rice on everybody’s forehead, including Oliver’s.  Then he lit the main lantern on the altar, and everybody went around the house lighting the rest.  There were probably near 100 lanterns both inside and outside of their house.  The entry was decorated with paints and marigold petals.  Just like Christmas in the US, some families are very formal and some are not.  Devika’s family isn’t very formal, but it was fun to dress up anyway.  I wore my sari and Oliver wore a traditional kurta and funny pants (I forget what they are called.)